Here is a quick rundown of how to add the base VM agent to existing Azure VMs:

1. Find all your VMs that currently do not have the agent installed:
   Get-AzureVM  | where { $_.GuestAgentStatus -eq $null }
   or this variation if you only want to get the VMs that are actually running:
   Get-AzureVM  | where { $_.GuestAgentStatus -eq $null -and $_.Status -eq “ReadyRole”}
2. Install the agent bits on the VM
   Azure does not provide a way to inject the agent into an existing VM, AFAIK, but you can use any number of ways to push it out. You can download the agent here http://aka.ms/vmagentwin. I use the following command line to silently install the agent:
   msiexec.exe /package WindowsAzureVmAgent.2.3.1198.670.rd_art_stable.140328-0941.fre.msi /passive
   Pro Tip: Use Azure Files to store the files and scripts you use. That makes them readily accessible to you VMs, with the added benefit of not having to maintain a file server.
3. Update your VMs to reflect that they are now running the agent:
   Get-AzureVM  | where { $_.GuestAgentStatus -eq $null } | ForEach { $_.VM.ProvisionGuestAgent = $true;Update-AzureVM -VM $_.VM -Name $_.Name -ServiceName $_.ServiceName}
4. Check the status of the guest agent for all VMs:
   Get-AzureVM  | select -Property ServiceName,Name,@{Name=”GuestAgentStatus”; Expression={$_.GuestAgentStatus.Status}}
   Every VM with the agent installed should report a value for Ready in the GuestAgentStatus column.
5. We can now add other extension agents; like BGInfo:
   Get-AzureVM | where { $_.ResourceExtensionStatusList.Count -eq 0} | Set-AzureVMBGInfoExtension -ReferenceName BGInfo -Version 1.* | Update-AzureVM
6. Another example would be the Azure Operational Insights extension:
   Get-AzureVM  | where {$_.GuestAgentStatus.Status -eq “Ready” } | Set-AzureVMExtension –ExtensionName MicrosoftMonitoringAgent -PublicConfiguration ‘{“WorkspaceId”:”<OpsInsights Workspace ID”}’ -PrivateConfiguration ‘{“workspaceKey”:”<OpsInsights Primary Access Key>” -Publisher Microsoft.EnterpriseCloud.Monitoring -Version 1.0 | Update-AzureVM
   Find your workspace key and ID in the Azure portal. More info here: https://morgansimonsen.wordpress.com/2015/02/16/how-to-install-the-azure-operational-insights-agent-on-an-azure-vm-using-powershell/

Most of the Azure VM extensions have their own specialized PowerShell cmdlets to configure them, e.g. Set-AzureAccessExtension, Set-AzureVMBGInfoExtension, Set-AzureVMMicrosoftAntimalwareExtension etc. But you can also, to some extent, use the generic Set-AzureVMExtension. The example below show how to use it to install and configure the Operational Insights agent/extension in your Azure VM:

Get-AzureVM -ServiceName <cloud service name> -Name <VM name> | Set-AzureVMExtension –ExtensionName MicrosoftMonitoringAgent -PublicConfiguration ‘{“WorkspaceId”:”<OpsInsights Workspace ID”}’ -PrivateConfiguration ‘{“workspaceKey”:”<OpsInsights Primary Access Key>”}’ -Publisher Microsoft.EnterpriseCloud.Monitoring -Version 1.0 | Update-AzureVM

You can find your OpsInsights workspace ID in your Operational Insights portal.

1. Select Servers and Usage
2. Press Configure
3. Your Workspace ID and access keys are displayed on the right. Use the primary key.

For servers outside Azure you can onboard them directly following these instructions:

Connecting agents directly to Operational Insights

Happy monitoring!

RFC3927’s title is Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses, and it describes how a host can automatically configure itself with an IPv4 address to communicate with other hosts on the same local link, when no statically configured IP address or DHCP server is available. The IPv4 address space set aside for this is 169.254.0.0/16. Just as RFC1918 defines addresses that can be used for private, routed networks, the addresses in RFC3927 are also private, but even more restricted than those in RFC1918. The addresses from RFC1918 (10/8, 172.16/12 and 192.168/16) will be dropped by any Internet-connected router. The only way to get traffic from a host with an RFC1918 address out on the Internet is through the use of Network Address Translation. On your own network, however, RFC1918 addresses work just as public addresses and can be routed etc. But addresses from RFC3927 will not be routed anywhere, they are what is know as link-local addresses and only facilitate communications on the same link. No router will forward RFC3927 addresses. You can test this yourself by leaving your computer set to receive a dynamic IP from a DHCP server, and then making sure that no DHCP server is available, but that your still have a network link. If your computer is RFC3927 compliant it will configure itself with an address in the 169.254.0.0/16 range. RFC3927 defines rules for how to choose an address and make sure your host can keep it once other hosts connect to the same link as you, but it is beyond this post to recite the RFC. Now let’s look at how RFC3927 pertains to Microsoft Azure.

In fact, it is very straight forward. RFC3927s 169.254.0.0/16 addresses are blocked from use in Azure on:

• Azure Virtual Networks
  Only RFC1918 IPv4 addresses are valid on Azure vNets
• Local network sites
  Both RFC1918 IPv4 addresses and any public IPv4 addresses you may own, unless they are in conflict with already configured network resources in Azure, can be used.
• Gateway subnets
  Technically a part of an Azure address space so the same rules apply as for vNets.
• P2S subnets
  Only RFC1918 IPv4 addresses allowed

The only place in Azure that the RFC3927 addresses are in use is inside S2S VPN tunnels. When you download S2S configuration scripts from the Azure portal you will find references to 169.254.0.0/16. As in this example for the Cisco ISR template:

int tunnel 1
ip address 169.254.0.1 255.255.255.0
  ip tcp adjust-mss 1350
tunnel source <NameOfYourOutsideInterface>
tunnel mode ipsec ipv4
tunnel destination 137.135.242.240
tunnel protection ipsec profile vti

And here on a Windows Server 2012 R2 RRAS server you can see it in the IP properties of the PPP Link adapter:

PPP adapter 23.101.xx.yy:

   Connection-specific DNS Suffix  . :
Description . . . . . . . . . . . : 23.101.xx.yy
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . :
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration IPv4 Address. . : 169.254.0.35(Preferred)
   Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.0.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . :
DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 587208029

So in summary, the only place you will find these addresses in Azure are inside your S2S VPN tunnels. Now you know what those strange addresses are doing there…

Probably on of the very first VMs you deploy in your Microsoft Azure IaaS deployment are Windows Server Active Directory Domain Controllers. The Active Directory Domain Service is the foundation for pretty much every Windows server application out there, from Exchange to System Center. Running DCs in Azure IaaS works great, just remember that bit about tuning off the host caching on the disk where your DIT is.

At TechED NA 2014 Microsoft announced a new feature called Azure Files, which is currently in preview. In summary it is access to Azure storage over the SMB 2.1 protocol. Until Azure Files, if you wanted to talk to the blog, table or queue storage endpoints in Azure you had to do it via the REST API. Fine for developers, but not easliy accessible for others. What Azure Files does is introduce another endpoint for Azure storage, an endpoint that speaks the SMB protocol. So now if we want to talk to Azure Storage we can access it from any compute instance over SMB and UNC paths. So raw storage over SMB, without the need for a file server VM in between. Think of it as Fileserver-as-a-Service. Read the full announcement from the Azure Storage Group here. I wanted to use Azure Files to store a bunch of data in my lab environment in Azure, but I ran into a problem…

You access Azure Files over a UNC path where the servername is the name of the Azure Files endpoint in your storage account, the username is the name of the storage account, and the password is the access key for the same storage account. Like this:

net use \mystorageaccount.file.core.windows.netshare /u:mystorageaccount <storage account access key>

When I tried to do this on a workgroup VM in Azure it worked great, same with member servers in my lab domain, but on Domain Controllers in the domain I got this error:

System error 53 has occurred.

The network path was not found.

All VMs I have tested are in the same region and affinity group as the storage account, which is also in the same affinity group. I have also tested with a storage account outside an affinity group, but in the same region; same result.

My preliminary conclusion is that “something” in how DCs handle the browsing for the network path is different from member servers or stand alone VMs. I have no root cause yet, I just thought I should write this up so that anyone else experienceing the same would have some information. Sound of in the comments if you have experienced the same or have a solution.

In my personal lab I use a Windows Server 2012 R2 VM running on a local Hyper-V server as my VPN device to connect to a Microsoft Azure Virtual Network gateway. This setup has been working fine for quite some time, and is indeed a supported configuration. Recently though I could not make it connect. Come hear the story…

My ISP (Telenor) here in Norway is gracious enough to provide me with 2 dynamically assigned official IPv4 addresses. I use one for my home network and the other for the Azure gateway. I hadn’t used the lab for some time so the S2S VPN had been down. When I tried to reconnect it wouldn’t work.I knew Microsoft had made some changes recently, these were announced during Build 2014, so I figured I would reset the RRAS configuration and run the VPN setup from scratch. So I disabled the RRAS service and downloaded a fresh VpnDeviceScript.cfg file from the portal an redid everything. This didn’t take more than a couple of minutes, but still I could not connect. I noticed that when the RRAS service started I lost all connectivity on my WAN (Internet) interface. I could ping an address on the Interne, but the ping immediately stopped when RRAS started. I fired up Wireshark and did a trace of the WAN interface during RRAS startup and discovered that when the service starts several DHCP Discover messages were sent out on the WAN interface:

Since my ISP only allows 2 IPs this made the original address I had received on the WAN interface invalid. But why did it happen?

Also during RRAS startup I got this warning in the System log:

When RRAS is running as a remote access service, which it does when providing Site-2-Site VPN tunneling, it also supports incoming VPN requests from clients. These clients need an IP address to be able to communicate on the local network. They get this address either from the RRAS server itself and a static IP pool, or from a DHCP server on the local network where the RRAS reserves IP addresses in blocks of 10. In my case I had DHCP selected and thus no static IP pool configured. If the RRAS server is multi-homed, which it usually is, you can select which interface RRAS looks for a local DHCP server on.This settings is configured through the RRAS server properties:

The default setting is Allow RAS to select adapter. This was the cause of my problem. The RRAS service selected my WAN interface and send out a bunch of DHCP Discover messages to allocated IP addresses for incoming clients. This invalidated my existing DHCP lease and stopped all communication on the Internet. Once I selected the internal (LAN) Interface I could connect fine.

I guess this problem can occur in any S2S or RAS scenario where the WAN IP address is dynamically assigned.

Introduction

One great thing about Windows Azure PowerShell is the ability to join a VM to an Active Directory domain during provisioning, this ability is not available in the portal. Joining a domain during Windows setup is nothing new, and it is accomplished by using the normal Windows unattended setup mechanism; namely unattend.xml. In unattend.xml you can specify the following information about the domain you want to join and the account that has permissions to perform the join operation in the directory (excerpt has been edited for readability):

<component name=”Microsoft-Windows-UnattendedJoin” processorArchitecture=”amd64″>
<Identification>
<Credentials>
<Domain><NetBIOS domain name></Domain>
<Username><NT type (samaccountname) username></Username>
<Password><password in encrypted form></Password>
</Credentials>
<JoinDomain><FQDN of domain to join></JoinDomain>
<MachineObjectOU><DN of OU to place machine account in></MachineObjectOU>
</Identification>
</component>

You usually don’t create the unattend.xml file manually, but rather use a tool like Windows System Image Manager from the Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit (ADK).

I recently had an issue where none of my new VMs would join the domain during provisioning, leaving them all in a workgroup. That led me to compile the following during my debugging.

Add-WindowsProvisioningConfig

The cmdlet that enabled a Windows Azure VM to join a domain is called Add-WindowsProvisioningConfig. If used with the –WindowsDomain parameter it lets you specify these additional parameters:

This info is loaded into the unattend.xml file used to setup the new VM. After that the unattended setup process continues  as with any regular Windows install.

Logs

If domain join does not work there are several logs that should be examined.

Operation logs in the portal

Under Management Services in the Windows Azure portal you find the Operation Logs.

The provisioning of a new VM is an AddRole operation, first one with Status Started and then another one with Status Succeeded. By examining the details of these you can see what is passed to the back end. This is particularly useful if you are using scripts which pass variables to the domain join parameters. Here you see exactly what is passed. Note that the password is omitted from the logs, that is not an error.

Windows Setup logs

After the portal has done its job the rest of the provisioning is left to the normal Windows unattended setup process and is handled entirely within the VM. That means that any normal troubleshooting techniques for unattended Windows setup applies. The working folder of Windows Setup is C:WindowsPanther. Here you will find the unattend.xml file used during setup (if is has not been deleted by setup itself, Azure does not do this), and the logs for the entire setup process:

The first thing you should do is check unattend.xml and verify that it contains the correct info.

Domain join during unattended setup is done with the djoin.exe executable, so to debug domin join we need to search for that in setupact.log. Also searching for the words Warning or Error could reveal useful information. This is an excerpt from the setupact.log with the error I encountered:

2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Begin
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Loading input parameters…
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: AccountData = [NULL]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: UnsecureJoin = [NULL]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: MachinePassword = [secret not logged]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: JoinDomain = [corp.mydomain.com]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: JoinWorkgroup = [NULL]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Domain = [corp]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Username = [Administrator]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Password = [secret not logged]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: MachineObjectOU = [CN=Computers,DC=corp,DC=mydomain,DC=com]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: DebugJoin = [NULL]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: DebugJoinOnlyOnThisError = [NULL]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: TimeoutPeriodInMinutes = [NULL]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Checking that auto start services have started.
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Calling DsGetDcName for corp.mydomain.com…
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: DsGetDcName returned [dc2.corp.mydomain.com]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Info     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: Constructed domain parameter [corp.mydomain.comDC2.corp.mydomain.com]
2014-03-11 14:09:45, Warning     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: NetJoinDomain attempt failed: 0x2, will retry in 10 seconds…
2014-03-11 22:09:56, Warning     [DJOIN.EXE] Unattended Join: NetJoinDomain attempt failed: 0x2, will retry in 10 seconds…

As you can see from this case, the NetJoinDomain function fails and is eventually abandoned. You can also find these errors in the System log:

ID: 4097
Source: NetJoin
Info: The machine SERVER1 attempted to join the domain corp.mydomain.comDC2.corp.mydomain.com but failed. The error code was 2.

To find out more about this we need to look at another log; C:WindowsdebugNetSetup.log. This file contains information for alle domain join operations performed on a machine, not just the ones during setup. Here is a section from mine:

03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpDoDomainJoin
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpMachineValidToJoin: ‘SERVER1’
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     OS Version: 6.2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     Build number: 9200 (9200.win8_gdr.130531-1504)
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     SKU: Windows Server 2012 Datacenter
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     Architecture: 64-bit (AMD64)
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpDomainJoinLicensingCheck: ulLicenseValue=1, Status: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpGetLsaPrimaryDomain: status: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpMachineValidToJoin: status: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpJoinDomain
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     Machine: SERVER1
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     Domain: corp.mydomain.comDC2.corp.mydomain.com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     MachineAccountOU: CN=Computers,DC=corp,DC=mydomain,DC=com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     Account: corpAdministrator
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     Options: 0x23
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: loading registry parameters…
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: DNSNameResolutionRequired not found, defaulting to ‘1’ 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: DomainCompatibilityMode not found, defaulting to ‘0’ 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: status: 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpDisableIDNEncoding: no domain dns available – IDN encoding will NOT be disabled
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpJoinDomainOnDs: NetpDisableIDNEncoding returned: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpJoinDomainOnDs: status of connecting to dc ‘\DC2.corp.mydomain.com’: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpJoinDomainOnDs: Passed DC ‘DC2.corp.mydomain.com’ verified as DNS name ‘\DC2.corp.mydomain.com’
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: loading registry parameters…
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: DNSNameResolutionRequired not found, defaulting to ‘1’ 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: DomainCompatibilityMode not found, defaulting to ‘0’ 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLoadParameters: status: 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpDsGetDcName: status of verifying DNS A record name resolution for ‘DC2.corp.mydomain.com’: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpProvisionComputerAccount:
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpDomain: corp.mydomain.com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpMachineName: SERVER1
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpMachineAccountOU: CN=Computers,DC=corp,DC=mydomain,DC=com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpDcName: DC2.corp.mydomain.com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpDnsHostName: (NULL)
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpMachinePassword: (null)
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpAccount: corpAdministrator
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     lpPassword: (non-null)
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     dwJoinOptions: 0x23
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407     dwOptions: 0x40000003
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLdapBind: Verified minimum encryption strength on DC2.corp.mydomain.com: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpLdapGetLsaPrimaryDomain: reading domain data
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpGetNCData: Reading NC data
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpGetDomainData: Lookup domain data for: DC=corp,DC=mydomain,DC=com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:407 NetpGetDomainData: Lookup crossref data for: CN=Partitions,CN=Configuration,DC=corp,DC=mydomain,DC=com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpLdapGetLsaPrimaryDomain: result of retrieving domain data: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpCheckForDomainSIDCollision: returning 0x0(0).
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpGetDnsHostName: PrimaryDnsSuffix defaulted to DNS domain name: corp.mydomain.com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpGetComputerObjectDn: Cracking DNS domain name corp.mydomain.com/ into Netbios on \DC2.corp.mydomain.com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpGetComputerObjectDn: Crack results:     name = corp
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpGetComputerObjectDn: Cracking account name corpSERVER1$ on \DC2.corp.mydomain.com
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpGetComputerObjectDn: Crack results:     Account does not exist
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpGetComputerObjectDn: Specified path ‘CN=Computers,DC=corp,DC=mydomain,DC=com’ is not an OU
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpCreateComputerObjectInDs: NetpGetComputerObjectDn failed: 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpProvisionComputerAccount: LDAP creation failed: 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpProvisionComputerAccount: Cannot retry downlevel, specifying OU is not supported
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 ldap_unbind status: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpJoinCreatePackagePart: status:0x2.
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpAddProvisioningPackagePart: status:0x2.
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpJoinDomainOnDs: Function exits with status of: 0x2
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpJoinDomainOnDs: status of disconnecting from ‘\DC2.corp.mydomain.com’: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpJoinDomainOnDs: NetpResetIDNEncoding on ‘(null)’: 0x0
03/11/2014 22:24:44:423 NetpDoDomainJoin: status: 0x2

I have highlighted my particular error. As you can see I specified the DN of the computers container as the location of the new computer object. Since Computers is in fact a container and not an OU, the NetpCreateComputerObjectInDs function fails. After I specified a bona fide OU in my Add-WindowsAzureProvisioningConfig cmdlet the VM was successfully joined to my domain. If you actually want the computer object to be placed in the Computers container just omit the MachineObjectOU parameter from Add-WindowsAzureProvisioningConfig. Since the Computers container is the default location for new computer objects, unless redirected by the admin or overridden, your VMs account will end up there.

Introduction

Old OSs are very popular, at least judging by the number of, for want of a better word, “legacy” servers I find in customer data centers. The old workhorses Windows Server 2003/2003 R2, Windows 2000 and even good old Windows NT pop up in disturbing numbers. With them, the question “Will Windows X, run in a Windows Azure VM?” often follows. To be able to answer that question we first need to talk about “run” vs. “supported”. A lot of OSs can be made to run in a Windows Azure VM, but that does not mean that Microsoft will support that OS. Unfortunately a lot of people are only interested in the “run” part of the equation, ignoring any problems of supportability down the road. Support is very straight forward; the oldest supported Windows OS running in a Windows Azure VM is Windows Server 2008 R2 x64, as stated in KB2721672: Microsoft server software support for Windows Azure Virtual Machines. So if you want support the buck stops there. But what can we make to run if we throw supportability to the wind…

It’s still Hyper-V

All the physical servers in a Windows Azure data center run a modified version of Windows Server with the Hyper-V role installed. So basically all the capabilities of Hyper-V should be available in Windows Azure, unless they have been specifically blocked. The About Virtual Machines and Guest Operating Systems page lists all the guest operating systems that are supported on Hyper-V, so lets assume that we can run all of those. I’m not going to test all the OSs on that list, but rather focus on some specific golden oldies (all 32-bit editions):

• Windows 2000
• Windows XP
• Windows Server 2003

There is also a lot of rumor on the Internet concerning support for 32-bit (x86) VMs in Windows Azure. Although all the images in the gallery and the fact that the earliest supported server OS (Windows Server 2008 R2) is only available in 64-bit (x64), this is never actually stated anywhere officially. (At least not that I have found.)

Another area where there is a lot of talk is concerning client operating systems in Windows Azure VMs. In this case Microsoft is very clear; client OSs are not supported and it is a violation of the license to install and run one in a Windows Azure VM. For the sake of scientific discovery I will ignore that issue for this post.

So lets see what’s what…

Basic requirements

I’m going to work from these premises during my testing:

• The legacy OS needs to be on the supported list for Hyper-V
• Hyper-V Integration Components need to be available
  Either on the vmguest.iso image, already in the OS or available for download.
• Remote Desktop for Windows VMs and SSH for Linux VMs must be available
• Only VHD images are supported in Windows Azure, not VHDX
• None of the selected legacy OSs will support being generalized in a way that Windows Azure can use, so we can only upload OS disks, not images. (Windows Azure uses the setup technology introduced in Windows Vista, codenamed Panther, which legacy OSs don’t.)

Basic steps

Here is what we need to do (at least):

1. Use a Hyper-V host running Windows Server 2012 R2
   This probably not a requirement, but the latest and greatest is always nice.
2. Install a VM with the legacy OS, must select Generation 1 and the VHD disk format.
3. Once OS install completes, install the Hyper-V integration components
4. Update the OS through e.g. Microsoft Update
   Having the latest updates will maximize the chance of success
5. If you want remote PowerShell or WinRM make sure to install those optional updates.
6. Enable Remote Desktop and make sure the Remote Desktop exception is enabled in the Windows Firewall if it is enabled.
7. If you are using WinRM technology configure that, preferably with HTTPS instead of HTTP, and enable the appropriate firewall exceptions.
8. If you are actually trying to run a production server with a legacy OS in Windows Azure (something you should not do), remove any special drivers or low level software that might break the VM. You can always install this alter.
9. Shut down the VM on your Hyper-V Server
10. Upload the VHD to a Windows Azure storage account (Add-AzureVHD)
11. Register the new blob as an OS image (Add-AzureDisk)
12. Start the VM in Azure and log on (hopefully).

The results

Using the above method I was able to obtain these results:

I assume that Windows Server 2003/2003R2 and XP x64 will also work.

Feel free to try some golden oldies yourself and use the comments for your results. Good luck.

What is Product use Rights (PUR)?

from microsoft.com:

“When you purchase a software license through a Microsoft Volume Licensing program, the terms and conditions for how you can use the software are defined in the Volume Licensing Product Use Rights (PUR) document, Product List document, and program agreement. The PUR is updated quarterly.”

The change

Effective January 1 2014 Microsoft made a pretty significant change to the Software Assurance benefit. This is from the Windows Server 2012 R2 Remote Desktop Service Licensing Data Sheet:

RDS User CALs Extended Rights through Software Assurance
Today, RDS CALs permit remote access to the Windows Server GUI (Graphical User Interface) running on a customer’s on-premise server and RDS SALs (Subscriber Access License) if running on a shared-server environment. Effective January 1 2014, RDS User CALs will have Extended Rights through Software Assurance. In addition to the on-premise access, RDS User CAL customers will also be able to access the Windows Server GUI running on Windows Azure or on a third party’s shared server, without acquiring a separate RDS SAL.

To leverage this benefit customers should meet following requirements:

• Maintain Software Assurance coverage on the RDS User CALs
• Use dedicated VOSE (Virtual Operating System Environment) in Windows Azure or third party’s
  shared servers
• Access Windows Server session-based desktops and/or applications running on shared server
  environments
• Limit access by internal users only i.e. by company employees, vendors and contractors and not by
  external users such as customers
• Assign each on-premise RDS User CAL to the same named user on Windows Azure or a third party’s
  shared servers

This RDS User CAL Software Assurance benefit allows each User to access RDS functionality only on one shared server environment (i.e. Windows Azure or a third party server) in addition to access the respective on premise servers. The customer must acquire extra RDS SALs (Subscriber Access License) if the same User needs to access RDS functionality on additional shared server environments.

This is indeed great news for all customers wanting to access a remote Windows Server Desktop in Windows Azure or at another third party hoster.

More info:

• Microsoft Product Use Rights and Product List
• Windows Server 2012 R2 Remote Desktop Services Licensing Data Sheet